N282SHEnstrom 280FX · 2005

On July 3, 2020, at 1920 central daylight time, an Enstrom 280FX, N282SH, was destroyed when it was involved in an accident near Des Moines, Iowa. The private pilot sustained minor injuries. The helicopter was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 personal flight.

The pilot stated during final approach for landing, both the rotor speed and engine speed decreased below the green arc, and the “low-speed” alarm sounded. The rotor speed and engine speed remained in synchronization and decreased at the same rate. The pilot stated he added throttle but neither the rotor speed nor the engine speed increased. He thought that the helicopter lost engine power and performed an autorotation. He further stated he lowered the collective and “pushed forward on the collective.” The helicopter impacted terrain about one mile south of Des Moines International Airport, Des Moines, Iowa. The helicopter came to rest on its right side in an area of tall grass, which became blighted from fuel spillage. The helicopter was destroyed by impact forces that damaged the fuselage structure, main rotor blades, and tail rotor blades. The pilot included in his statement that he “did not execute the autorotation perfectly,” and “the outcome could have been substantially improved with a better execution of the autorotation.”

Postaccident examination of the flight controls and drive train to the main rotor blades and tail rotor blades confirmed continuity of both systems.

The helicopter engine was a Lycoming factory rebuild from January 2020 with approximately 23 hours since rebuild. It was equipped with a turbocharger that was installed under Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) SE484GL (for Rajay Model 325E10-2, P/N RJ0332, or Model 3BT5EE10J2, P/N 103574-00 turbochargers). The STC was issued to Enstrom Helicopter Corporation. Enstrom purchased HIO-360-F1AD engines with turbochargers installed by Lycoming, who helped develop the STC. Because the helicopter type design required the installation of the turbocharged engine, there are no STC installation instructions.

According to the Enstrom 280FX Operator’s Manual, the indicated engine speed at idle with the clutch disengaged was minimum – 1,450 rpm and 1,500 rpm. According to the Enstrom Helicopter representative, the pilot said that the engine ran rough at idle but smoothed out about 1,100 rpm. The representative stated that magneto-to-engine timing would most likely have been set to 21° - 22° before top center (BTC) for better performance when the engine was installed onto the accident helicopter at the Enstrom Service Center. The engine, with turbocharger installed, had a normal rated power of 225 horsepower at 3,050 rpm. The rated power of the engine without a turbocharger was 190 horsepower at 3,050 rpm. Engine specifications for a turbocharger-equipped engine (such as power versus engine speed, fuel pump pressure output, or engine timing) were not provided to the National Transportation Safety Board investigator-in-charge (NTSB IIC) and are unknown.

The engine was removed from the airframe and shipped to Lycoming Engines, Williamsport, Pennsylvania, for an engine run. The engine was run without the turbocharger system because it was removed by Lycoming for the engine run without the knowledge of the NTSB IIC. The Lycoming representative stated that they do not test HIO-360-F1AD engines at the factory with the turbocharger system because Enstrom installs it under an STC.

The engine run consisted of four engine start attempts. During the first start attempt, the engine did not start. The magneto grounding socket, which was a pressed fitting into the magneto housing, was also found to be missing. The ground wire was wedged into grounding socket for the second start attempt. The factory seal on the magneto retaining nuts was not present. A check of magneto-to-engine timing revealed that it had an advance of about 5o BTC and once the timing was adjusted to the engine data plate specifications, the engine started during a second start attempt, and there were no further magneto issues that precluded normal operation.

After the second start attempt of the engine, the engine idle speed was 1,250 rpm and was then adjusted to 1,150 rpm for subsequent test runs. After the third start attempt, the engine idled at the 1,150 rpm. The fuel pressure from the fuel pump was 30.1 psi (Lycoming test specifications indicated that the fuel pressure setting from the fuel pump should be 18-28 psi). The fuel pressure was adjusted to 22 psi with the engine operating. The engine attained rated power but not engine speed as specified in the test’s specification of 3,050 rpm. The engine met test specifications at engine speeds: 1,500 rpm, 1,800 rpm, 2,200 rpm. It was noted that the injector had a rich mixture, and the injector idle/mixture lever stop was not in place on the injector. The lever stop was found on the test cell floor. When injector was replaced with a slave injector and a propeller speed adjustment made, the engine produced rated power at 3,050 rpm.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Helicopter Flying Handbook states the following:

Rotor rpm in low inertia rotor systems has been studied in simulator flight evaluations which indicate that the simultaneous application of aft cyclic, down collective, and alignment with the relative wind (trim) at a wide range of airspeeds, including cruise airspeeds, is critical for all operations during the entry of an autorotation.